Isomeric dichloropyrazine of dual-function additives: Synergistic enhancement of lithium anode protection and sulfur redox kinetics in lithium–sulfur batteries

Abstract

Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) currently face challenges such as low sulfur utilization, inadequate cycling stability, and unstable lithium anode interfaces. In this study, dichloropyrazines (DCPs) are introduced as dual-functional additives into electrolyte and 2,5-DCP exhibits the most promising performance enhancement. This superiority can be attributed to its strong redox activity, lower molecular orbital energy gap, and more negative relative binding energy compared to the other DCP isomers. Specifically, DCPs demonstrate their dual functionality by promoting the formation of a stable organic-inorganic hybrid solid electrolyte interface (SEI) rich in LiCl on lithium anodes. This ensures uniform lithium deposition and suppresses dendrite growth. At sulfur cathodes, density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirm that DCPs facilitate lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) conversion kinetics through Li–N bond formation. LSBs with 2,5-DCP exhibit excellent stability at a 1C rate and retain 86.6 % capacity after 800 cycles. This study demonstrates DCPs' potential as effective dual-functional electrolyte additives in designing high-performance LSBs.