Abstract
Extracellular-membrane vesicles (EMVs) are spherical buds of the extracellular membrane, commonly produced by Gram-negative bacteria, known to mediate intricate inter-kingdom communication. In this context, comprehensive research dissecting the role of EMVs in one of the most complex nature-occurring molecular dialogues, rhizobium-legume symbiosis, has been so far neglected. During the different stages of the symbiotic process, rhizobia and their host plants establish a very specific and controlled intercellular trafficking of signal molecules. Thus, as conveyors of a broad range of molecules into the target cell, EMVs are gaining weight in the field. Here, we describe a detailed protocol to isolate EMVs from bacteroids of legume nodules, opening a new door for discovering new authors of the symbiotic process.
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