Abstract
Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) has been identified as a putative swine pathogen with a subset of infections resulting in stillborn and mummified fetuses, encephalitis and myocarditis in perinatal, and periarteritis in growing pigs. Three PCV3 isolates were isolated from weak-born piglets or elevated stillborn and mummified fetuses. Full-length genome sequences from different passages and isolates (PCV3a1 ISU27734, PCV3a2 ISU58312, PCV3c ISU44806) were determined using metagenomics sequencing. Virus production in cell culture was confirmed by qPCR, IFA, and in situ hybridization. In vivo replication of PCV3 was also demonstrated in CD/CD pigs (n = 8) under experimental conditions. Viremia, first detected at 7 dpi, was detected in all pigs by 28 dpi. IgM antibody response was detected between 7–14 dpi in 5/8 PCV3-inoculated pigs but no IgG seroconversion was detected throughout the study. Pigs presented histological lesion consistent with multi systemic inflammation characterized by myocarditis and systemic perivasculitis. Viral replication was confirmed in all tissues by in situ hybridization. Clinically, all animals were unremarkable throughout the study. Although the clinical relevance of PCV3 remains under debate, this is the first isolation of PCV3 from perinatal and reproductive cases of PCV3-associated disease and in vivo characterization of PCV3 infection in a CD/CD pig model.
Highlights
Porcine circoviruses are non-enveloped small viruses with single-stranded circular DNA genomes (~1.7–2.0 kb) within genus Circovirus in the family Circoviridae [1]
Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) has recently been identified as a putative pathogen in the U.S swine herd with a subset of infections resulting in fetal wastage and multisystemic inflammation [7,8,27]
PCV3 DNA has been detected by qPCR in retrospective samples which indicates that the virus was likely circulating in swine population’s worldwide decades prior to the initial reports [15,23,24,25]
Summary
Porcine circoviruses are non-enveloped small viruses with single-stranded circular DNA genomes (~1.7–2.0 kb) within genus Circovirus in the family Circoviridae [1]. Two types of circovirus have been described in pigs. Porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) was originally discovered as a contaminant of pig kidney cell line (PK-15) and is nonpathogenic for pigs [2,3]. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVAD) [4], including respiratory and enteric disease, reproductive failure, porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), and PCV2-systemic disease. PCVAD causes significant economic losses to the pig industry worldwide [5,6].
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