Isolation of indole alkaloids and a new norneolignan of hydroethanol extract from the stem barks of Aspidosperma nitidum Benth: Preclinical evaluation of safety and anti-inflammatory and healing properties

Abstract

Ethnopharmacological relevanceAspidosperma nitidum Benth (Apocynaceae) is a tree found in Brazil especially in the Amazonia region, known as “carapanaúba”, being used by indigenous and cabloco population in folk medicine in the treatment of malaria, leprosy, rheumatism, cancer, diabetes and inflammatory disorders. However, there are no scientific reports, up to now, to evidence its popular use as anti-inflammatory and healing agent. Aim of the studyThis study aimed to isolate indole alkaloids, as well as investigate the safety, anti-inflammatory and healing properties of hydroethanol extract from the stem barks of Aspidosperma nitidum Benth (An). Material and methodsThe compounds were isolated using diverse chromatographic methodologies and the structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic analyses. The safety was evaluated in vitro through 3-methyl-[4-5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay using murine fibroblast (3T3) and monkey kidney (Vero E6) cell lines and by the hemolytic assay, as well as, in vivo, through acute toxicity model, which the mice received a single dose of 2000 mg/kg of An, by intra-gastric (i.g.) route, and behavioral, hematological and biochemical parameters were evaluated. The anti-edematogenic effect was monitored through carrageenan-induced paw edema model, in which the rodents were treated with 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of An by i. g., the percentage of edema (0–4 h), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β) levels were quantified. The anti-inflammatory activity was demonstrated through the zymosan-air-pouch model, in which the animals were treated with 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of An by i. g, and the leukocytes number, MPO, total protein and cytokines levels were determined. In addition, the healing potential was evaluated through a skin wound model, in which the mice received 50, 100 and 200 mg/mL of An in wound area, and the wound skins were photographed and the area calculated. ResultsIn total, five compounds were isolated in the An, being a new 8,9-dinorneolignan glucoside and four known indole alkaloids. The MTT and hemolytic assays, in all concentrations of the extract, demonstrated not be cytotoxic. Acute toxicity model also evidenced no sign of toxicity or significant changes on the behavior, biochemical and hematological parameters after use of the extract. In the edematogenic model, the An reduced significantly the percentage of edema, as well as, the MPO and pro-inflammatory cytokines levels. The same form, An revealed to be efficient in decreasing the leukocytes migration (mainly polymorphonuclears), total proteins, MPO and cytokines concentrations in the zymosan-air-pouch assay. Moreover, the An revealed a healing effect, reducing the area of the skin wound. ConclusionOurs results evidence in the first time, the anti-inflammatory and healing property of An, justifying its use in traditional medicine. Moreover, include cytotoxicity in vitro and acute toxicity in vivo tests, which indicate the safety of use of the extract.