Isolation, Characterization and Molecular Identification of Multidrug Resistance from Candida Species from Various Clinical Samples.

Abstract

Background and Purpose: The most prevalent fungus pathogens in humans are said to be Candida species. Candida pathogens have become more common in the last several years. But in the absence of any risk factors, these infections are uncommon. To that end, the current study set out to identify the species of Candida responsible for various clinical samples and establish the risk factors for candiduria. Materials and Methods: The 100 samples from patients who were suspected of having an aging, diabetes, prolonged hospital stays, organ transplantation, recurring bacterial infections, antibiotic use and catheter use were used in the current investigation. Of them, 100 instances involved candidiasis out of which 20 are MDR. Using the germ tube test, colony staining on CHROMagar medium, intracellular beta-glucosidase enzyme activity, and glucose absorption pattern, several species of Candida were identified. Afterwards, internal transcribed spacer region DNA sequencing verified the colonies with the same morphology. Results: Based on the findings, Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, and C. krusei were identified as 40, 32, 18, and 10% of the isolates, respectively. Diabetes, bacterial infections, and urinary tract infections were the most common predisposing factors (23%); however, it was proven in all patients that one or more other predisposing variables existed. Patients with these serious infections can only be treated with a restricted number of antifungal agents from a small number of drug classes. Resistance can be intrinsic or acquired; as a result, acquired resistance either develops in response to antifungal selection pressure in the particular patient or, less frequently, results from the horizontal transmission of resistant strains between patients. Multidrug resistance is 20%, but more and more reports of it have been observed in several Candida species, most notably C. glabrata and more recently C. auris. The factors that contribute to multidrug resistance include overall antifungal use (fluconazole and amphotericin B), subtherapeutic drug levels at infection/colonization sites, drug sequestration in the biofilm matrix, and, in the event of outbreaks, suboptimal infection control. Conclusion: The most common fungal species, according to the results, was C. albicans. Furthermore, bacterial infections were more common. We go over the molecular causes of resistance, treatment and preventative methods.