Abstract
This article describes the isolation, molecular characterization, and genotyping of two fowl adenovirus (FAdVs) strains with GenBank Accession numbers (MT478054, JSN-G033-18-L and MT478055, JSN-G033-18-B) obtained from the internal organs of black grouse (Lyrurus tetrix). This study also reveals the first confirmation of fowl adenovirus in Poland, supporting one of the hypotheses about the probability of fowl adenovirus interspecies transmission. The adenovirus strain sequences were investigated via phylogenetic analysis and were found to have an overall mean pairwise distance of 2.189. The heterogeneity, Relative Synonymous Codon Usage (RSCU), codon composition, and nucleotide frequencies were examined. Statistical analyses and Tajima’s test for the examined sequences were carried out. The Maximum Likelihood for the examined sequences substitutions was performed. The results of the sequence analysis identified MT478054, JSN-G033-18-L and MT478055, JSN-G033-18-B as strains of fowl adenovirus 2/11/D, with the Fowl adenovirus D complete sequence showing a 93% match. Wild birds may act as a natural reservoir for FAdVs and likely play an important role in the spreading of these viruses in the environment. The findings reported here suggest horizontal transmission within and between avian species.
Highlights
Data Availability Statement: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files
Testing of the internal organ samples derived from the black grouse confirmed the presence of adenovirus, which successfully propagated in CEK cultures, causing visible Cytopathic effects (CPEs) characteristic of fowl adenovirus (FAdVs) infection
After CPE was observed, the strains were examined by Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA), and positive results were obtained for both the Grp I FAdV-2/11D and MT478054, JSN-G033-18-L strains
Summary
Data Availability Statement: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files. Isolation of Fowl adenovirus strains 2/11/D in Black grouse in Poland birds provide a natural reservoir for numerous viral species and are a central source of viral gene evolution. The most divergent region in the adenovirus genome is located in the Loop L1, HVR1-4 region of the hexon gene These domains are largely responsible for antigenic variations [13, 14]. Adenoviruses are generally species-specific, some FAdVs have been found in multiple different species, including common buzzard (Bueto bueto) [17], black kite (Milvus migrans) [19], Tawny frogmouth (Podargus strigoides: Caprimulgiformes) [20], red-bellied parrot (Poicephalus rufiventris) [21], falcon (Falconiformes) [22], and domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestica) [23]. Caucasian black grouse are under special restrictions in Poland These birds may act as vectors for virus dissemination and as amplifying hosts in the bird-vector-bird cycle. The biology of adenoviruses, virus dynamics in natural hosts, disease causing viral properties, and the viral distribution and diversity across vertebrate species still needs to be explored
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