Abstract

Heterocyclic hydrocarbon compounds have been identified as one of the major components of water pollution that occurs as a result of urbanization. It has been known that the presence of these compounds is hazardous and remain in the environment for a long period of time. This study was conducted to isolate and identify heterocyclic hydrocarbon degrading bacteria from lake water by genomic DNA extraction and sequencing as well as measure the degradation rate of the bacteria using Gas Chromatography Flame-Ionization Detector (GC-FID). The water sample was collected from west campus lake of Universiti Malaysia Sarawak where six strains of bacteria that has degrading ability was isolated using sub-culturing technique on MSM double layer agar plates. The genomic DNA of bacteria designated as strain IM1, IM2, IM3, IM4, IM5 and IM6 were extracted and amplified using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The isolates were then sequenced and were identified as Bradyrhizobium sp., Ochrobactrum sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa sp. and Burkholderia sp. All six isolates possessed the ability to utilize carbazole as sole carbon and energy source as the degradation rate of carbazole was measured using GC-FID analysis. After 12 days of incubation, IM2 showed 96.37% degradation while the other five isolates were able to degrade 100% of the carbazole. Thus, bacteria isolated from this study may provide great benefit for bioremediation.

Highlights

  • Heterocyclic hydrocarbon has been known to manifest various cytotoxic effect such as severe toxicity, cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and photoinduced toxicity [1–3]

  • Based on study by Zulkharnain and Taka [37], it proves that the bacteria present in the enrichment had utilize the carbazole as sole carbon source and degrade it causing color change

  • The IM6 strain which was identified as Ochrobactrum anthropi sp. has the highest degradation rate based on the Gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) analysis result where it was shown that the degradation rate on day 3 was up to 91.22% and the substrate, CAR was totally degraded by day 6 onwards

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Summary

Introduction

Heterocyclic hydrocarbon has been known to manifest various cytotoxic effect such as severe toxicity, cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and photoinduced toxicity [1–3]. Petroleum and coal are the three main natural resource of hydrocarbons. One of the examples of hydrocarbon causing toxic affect to the environment is the accidental crude oil spill in seawater [4]. It was reported that a black bag containing 15 to 20 liters of oil was dumped in the seawater of Redang island in Terengganu [5]. The marine life along the shore was affected, especially turtles landing on the island to lay eggs. The toxic chemicals found in the crude oil could affect human health especially kidney system, liver and sensory system. Some of the hydrocarbons that have their degradation product detected in Wastewater Treatment industrial waste water, contaminated sites are carbazole, biphenyl, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene and fluorine

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