Abstract
Species and biotype distribution was determined in 44 bovine viral diarrhea virus- (BVDV-) positive samples submitted to the Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (ADDL) in Indiana during 2006–2008. BVDV RNA was detected in the 5′-untranslated region and Npro region using reverse transcriptase PCR followed by sequencing analysis of the PCR product. Additionally, cases were classified into one of six categories according to history and/or lesions: acute symptomatic, hemorrhagic, respiratory distress, reproductive, persistent infection (PI), and mucosal disease (MD). Of 44 BVDV-positive samples, 33 were noncytopathic (ncp), 10 were cytopathic (cp), and one presented both ncp and cp biotypes. Sequencing analysis demonstrated that all samples belonged to BVDV-1a, BVDV-1b, or BVDV-2. The most common isolate was ncp BVDV-1b, (44%) followed by ncp BVDV-2a (24%). Among the six categories, respiratory clinical signs were the most common (36%) followed by PI (25%) and MD (16%).
Highlights
For over half a century, bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has been known to cause significant disease in cattle herds and other ruminant populations worldwide, creating a substantial economic impact on both the beef and dairy industries [1].Two types of BVDV infection are recognized in the literature: acute or transient infection and persistent infection (PI) [2]
Cell cultures in 48-well plates were fixed in 80% aqueous acetone, and the presence of the virus in the cell culture was detected by indirect fluorescent antibody assay using fluorescein isothiocyanate- (FITC-) labeled polyclonal antibodies raised against BVDV as described in [12]
Genetic analysis revealed that a total of three subgenotypes were present among these samples: BVDV1a (16%), bovine viral diarrhea virus- (BVDV-)1b (48%), and BVDV-2a (36%)
Summary
For over half a century, bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has been known to cause significant disease in cattle herds and other ruminant populations worldwide, creating a substantial economic impact on both the beef and dairy industries [1].Two types of BVDV infection are recognized in the literature: acute or transient infection and persistent infection (PI) [2]. PI animals may develop mucosal disease (MD) if they are superinfected with a homologous cytopathic (cp) strain of BVDV, or through a mutation of the infecting ncp BVD virus to the cp form [5]. In both types of infection, clinical signs vary between asymptomatic through mild transient signs to severe acute disease with signs from enteric, hematopoietic, reproductive, or respiratory systems. A severe form of clinical disease, later named hemorrhagic syndrome, was described for the first time during the 1990s associated with BVDV-2 [6] This syndrome was characterized by fever, pneumonia, diarrhea, and lesions similar to the mucosal disease lesions, death [7]. Not all BVDV-2 species are associated with this severe form of clinical disease [8]
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