Abstract
Papaver rhoeas, an annual plant species in the Papaveraceae family, is part of the biodiversity of agricultural ecosystems and also a noxious agronomic weed. We developed microsatellite markers to study the genetic diversity of P. rhoeas, using an enriched microsatellite library coupled with 454 next-generation sequencing. A total of 13,825 sequences were obtained that yielded 1795 microsatellite loci. After discarding loci with less than six repeats of the microsatellite motif, automated primer design was successful for 598 loci. We tested 74 of these loci for amplification with a total of 97 primer pairs. Thirty loci passed our tests and were subsequently tested for polymorphism using 384 P. rhoeas plants originating from 12 populations from France. Of the 30 loci, 11 showed reliable polymorphism not affected by the presence of null alleles. The number of alleles and the expected heterozygosity ranged from 3 to 7.4 and from 0.27 to 0.73, respectively. A low but significant genetic differentiation among populations was observed (FST = 0.04; p < 0.001). The 11 validated polymorphic microsatellite markers developed in this work will be useful in studies of genetic diversity and population structure of P. rhoeas, assisting in designing management strategies for the control or the conservation of this species.
Highlights
The Papaver genus in the Papaveraceae family comprises 100 species distributed in various countries around the world, from central and south Europe to temperate Asia, America, Oceania andSouth Africa [1]
A total of 13,825 sequences were obtained from the P. rhoeas enriched library
The 11 polymorphic microsatellites developed for P. rhoeas proved reliable for population genetic studies
Summary
The Papaver genus in the Papaveraceae family comprises 100 species distributed in various countries around the world, from central and south Europe to temperate Asia, America, Oceania andSouth Africa [1]. (corn poppy) is one of the most well-known members of this genus, identified by its scarlet flowers. This species has been the symbol for Remembrance Day (or Poppy Day) since the end of WWI, which makes it a heritage species. P. rhoeas is a semelparous species that thrives in disturbed land. It has a high reproductive potential through its seeds, which are dormant and have long viability, facilitating its persistence and spread [2,3,4]. P. rhoeas can dominate agricultural fields, where it is listed as a serious annual weed of winter cereal crops that can cause significant yield losses because of its high competitive ability [8]. The agronomic significance of P. rhoeas includes indirect harmful effects on crops through the harbouring of phytopathogenic viruses [9].Various uses have been documented for all plant parts of P. rhoeas [10]
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