Abstract
Patient and neuroimaging research have provided increasing support for a role of the posterior-lateral cerebellum in cognition, particularly attention. During rapid serial visual presentation, when two targets are presented in close temporal proximity (<500 ms), accuracy at detecting the second target (T2) suffers. This phenomenon is known as the attentional blink (AB), and in cerebellar lesion patients this effect is exaggerated. Damage to the cerebellum may thus disrupt the use of attentional resources during stimulus processing conditions that are temporally demanding. There are reciprocal connections between the cerebral cortex and the contralateral cerebellum, these connections allow for the possibility that lateralized functions in the cerebral cortex (such as language) remain lateralized in the cerebellum. The purpose of this study was to investigate the temporal characteristics of the cerebellar contribution to the AB and to functionally localize the contribution of the cerebellum to the AB using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). We hypothesized that T2 accuracy would decrease after right cerebellar stimulation when the delay between the first target (T1) and T2 was short (120–400 ms) compared to long (720–960 ms). We used continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS), a form of TMS, to transiently inhibit a focal population of neurons in the left and right posterior-lateral cerebellum of healthy participants (n = 45). Three groups of participants (n = 15) performed the AB before and after either sham, left, or right cerebellar stimulation. The results of this cTBS study support our hypothesis. During the short delay, participants in the right cTBS group showed a greater AB magnitude compared to both the left and sham cTBS groups (p < 0.05). No difference in T2 detection was found over long delays. The results provide further support for a cerebellar contribution to an integrated neural network recruited during temporally demanding attention-based tasks.
Highlights
The attentional blink (AB), coined by Raymond et al (1992), is a phenomenon that occurs when two targets are presented in rapid succession (200–500 ms) and the accuracy of detecting the second target (T2) is impaired at the cost of detecting the first (Broadbent and Broadbent, 1987; Raymond et al, 1992)
Letters were presented in rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP; 120 ms/letter) where each letter appeared for 120 ms with no blank inter-stimulus interval (ISI)
We found that the right posterior-lateral cerebellum is an essential node in AB performance
Summary
The attentional blink (AB), coined by Raymond et al (1992), is a phenomenon that occurs when two targets are presented in rapid succession (200–500 ms) and the accuracy of detecting the second target (T2) is impaired at the cost of detecting the first (Broadbent and Broadbent, 1987; Raymond et al, 1992). There are many theoretical accounts for this phenomenon (for review see Dux and Marois, 2009); a common claim is that if two targets that require attention are presented too closely together, attending to the first target (T1) can delay the processing of the T2. This leaves T2 susceptible to interference and increases the chance of it going undetected. The deterioration of T2 accuracy when the SOA is short is the result of interference that occurs between stimuli during preliminary conceptual processing At this stage, stimuli are vulnerable to being overwritten by subsequent stimuli. This stage, is capacity-limited, and when T2 is presented in close temporal proximity to T1, it must wait to be encoded until T1 consolidation into working memory is complete (Chun and Potter, 1995; Vogel et al, 1998)
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