Abstract
A flat-flame burner suitable for the production of flat cool flames of hydrocarbons is described. One- and two-stage flames have been obtained. An electrically heated matrix is employed to preheat the unburned gas. Cool flames have been obtained from n-butane, n-pentane, n-heptane, various primary reference fuels, and di-t-butyl peroxide. Additive effects on two-stage n-heptane/air/oxygen flames were investigated. Lead alkyls, iron carbonyl, N-methylaniline, methyl iodide, dimethyl sulfide, isoamyl nitrite, di-t-butyl peroxide, diethyl ether, stannic chloride, propionaldehyde nitromethane, diethylamine, and triethylamine were employed as additives. In general, pro-knocks advanced the second-stage flame; and antiknocks retarded it. Exceptions were di-t-butyl peroxide and N-methylaniline. Di-t-butyl peroxide retarded the second-stage flame. N-methylaniline had no effect on either stage. Lead antagonism and lead-extender effects were observed using TEL and dimethyl sulfide, and TEL and acetic acid. Although iron carbonyl showed sulfur antagonism, it did not show an extender effect with acetic acid.
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