Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 2 Mutation Drives Bone Marrow Macrophage Dysfunction without a Complete Block in Hematopoietic Differentiation

Abstract

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) represent a broad category of myeloid malignancies characterized by myeloid skewed hematopoiesis, blood cytopenias and increased risk of transformation to leukemia. While not common, isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) mutations are represented in clonal hematopoiesis and in MDS, are found in patients with higher International Prognosis Scoring System (IPSS) disease scores and confer a higher risk of transformation to leukemia. IDH2 mutations lead to metabolic dysfunction and DNA hypermethylation due to the accumulation of D-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG), an oncometabolite which disrupts hematopoiesis. However, the mechanisms that induces clonal progression and transformation remains incompletely understood. Furthermore, the intrinsic and extrinsic impact of IDH mutation on mature myeloid cell functions and the bone marrow microenvironment (BMME) remains to be elucidated. Using RAW264.7 cells, a monocyte/macrophage-like murine cell line, we retrovirally infected cells with human wt IDH2 or the R172K IDH2 mutant, a common IDH2 mutation. After confirming a 30-fold increase of 2HG (p<.005) and observing evidence of hypermethylation in the IDH2 mutant RAW cells, we tested several key functions of bone marrow macrophages: ability to engulf apoptotic cells (efferocytosis), erythropoietic support, and cytokine production. After labeled apoptotic neutrophils were fed as efferocytic targets to RAW cells at a 10:1 ratio for 6 hours, we observed a 10% decrease of efferocytosis in IDH2 mutants (p < 0.05). Next, we cocultured RAW cells with primary murine late-stage erythroid progenitors and quantified their capacity to form colonies (CFU-E) in the presence of erythropoietin. Compared to wt, IDH2 mutant RAW cells inhibited CFU-E formation by 25% (p < 0.0075). Cytokine array on cell culture supernatant from mutant RAW cells had elevated proinflammatory chemokines/cytokines (CCL5, CXCL10, TNF-a) and decreased cytokines related to inflammation resolution and efferocytosis (GDF-15, Gas6, Endostatin, CCL2). To test these findings further in vivo we generated a murine bone marrow transplant model with retrovirally infected hematopoietic stem cells (HSC: lineage-, c-Kit+, Sca-1+) containing the human wt or R172K IDH2 mutation with an mCherry reporter and transplanted into CD45.1 congenic mice (10 mutant, 10 wt, 1:1 male:female). Mutant IDH2 HSCs demonstrated better engraftment (85-90%) compared to wt (70-80%) and also had higher levels of mCherry positivity within CD45.2+ cells (80-90% mutant vs 40-60% in wt). Longitudinal blood draws showed macrocytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and elevated reticulocytes in IDH2 mutants by 16 weeks post-transplant. In contrast to current literature, IDH2 mutant cells did not exhibit a complete block in myeloid cell differentiation, as the mutant clone gave rise to mature monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils. We also harvested bone marrow at 16 weeks post transplantation. Compared to wt IDH2, the mutant IDH2 bone marrow cells exhibited myeloid skewing hematopoiesis and a 3-fold increase in bone marrow monocytes (CD45+, Ly6G-, Ly6C++, F4/80+, p < 0.00001). In the IDH2 mutant bone marrow cells, myeloid progenitors were also expanded: common myeloid progenitors (CMPs: 4-fold increase p < 0.001, CD45+, lineage-, c-Kit+, Sca-1-, CD34+, CD16/32-), and granulocytic monocytic precursors (GMPs: 3-fold increase p < 0.0001, CD45+, c-Kit+, Sca-1-, CD34+, CD16/32+). We also observed a previously unreported loss of long-term hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSC: 13.5-fold reduction, p < 0.00001, CD45+, lineage-, c-Kit+, Sca-1+, Flt3-, CD48-, CD150+). When cultured ex vivo, there was loss of efferocytic capacity in IDH2 mutant bone marrow derived macrophages fed normal apoptotic neutrophils at a 10:1 ratio for 3 or 24 hours. In summary, we identify defects in efferocytic function and cytokine production in monocytes and macrophages derived from IDH2 mutant hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. We have previously shown that defects in the efferocytic function of bone marrow macrophages induce increases in inflammatory signals and contribute to skewing of hematopoiesis. Since these macrophage dysfunctions have not previously been attributed to IDH2 single mutation, they represent a potential novel mechanism that could alter the bone marrow microenvironment and impact progression of MDS and transformation to leukemia.