Isobenzofuran-1(3H)-ones as new tyrosinase inhibitors: Biological activity and interaction studies by molecular docking and NMR

Abstract

Tyrosinase is a multifunctional, glycosylated and copper-containing oxidase enzyme that can be found in animals, plants, and fungi. It is involved in several biological processes such as melanin biosynthesis. In this work, a series of isobenzofuran-1(3H)-ones was evaluated as tyrosinase inhibitors. It was found that compounds phthalaldehydic acid (1), 3-(2,6-dihydroxy-4-isopropylphenyl)isobenzofuran-1(3H)-one (7), and 2-(3-oxo-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-1-yl)-1,3-phenylene diacetate (9) were the most potent compounds inhibiting tyrosinase activity in a concentration dependent manner. Ligand-enzyme NMR studies and docking investigations allowed to map the atoms of the ligands involved in the interaction with the copper atoms present in the active site of the tyrosinase. This behaviour is similar to kojic acid, a well know tyrosinase inhibitor and used as positive control in the biological assays. The findings herein described pave the way for future rational design of new tyrosinase inhibitors.