Abstract
With the development of Muslim minorities in the West, there has been an upsurge of Islamophobia, namely an irrational fear of Islam as a threat. A report on the failures of multiculturalism in 1997 described Britain as a society of ‘parallel communities’. It is also believed that there is a deep ‘clash of civilisations’ in the West in response to Islam. A more extreme view was the idea of ‘Islamofascism’. This negative attitude towards Muslim communities has been captured in the idea that Islam is ‘a warrior religion’. The conflict between Muslim minority communities and European host societies has often focused on the alleged influence of the Shari’a. Some of the tension has been mitigated by the development of arbitration courts based on the Shari’a for example over divorce procedures.
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