Is the HO4−Anion a Key Species in the Aqueous-Phase Decomposition of Ozone?

Abstract

The role of the HO(4)(-) anion in atmospheric chemistry and biology is a matter of debate, because it can be formed from, or be in equilibrium with, key species such as O(3) + HO(-) or HO(2) + O(2) (-). The determination of the stability of HO(4)(-) in water therefore has the greatest relevance for better understanding the mechanism associated with oxidative cascades in aqueous solution. However, experiments are difficult to perform because of the short-lived character of this species, and in this work we have employed DFT, CCSD(T) complete basis set (CBS), MRCI/aug-cc-pVTZ, and combined quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations to investigate this topic. We show that the HO(4)(-) anion has a planar structure in the gas phase, with a very large HOO-OO bond length (1.823 Å). In contrast, HO(4)(-) adopts a nonplanar configuration in aqueous solution, with huge geometrical changes (up to 0.232 Å for the HOO-OO bond length) with a very small energy cost. The formation of the HO(4)(-) anion is predicted to be endergonic by 5.53±1.44 and 2.14±0.37 kcal mol(-1) with respect to the O(3) + HO(-) and HO(2) + O(2)(-) channels, respectively. Moreover, the combination of theoretical calculations with experimental free energies of solvation has allowed us to obtain accurate free energies for the main reactions involved in the aqueous decomposition of ozone. Thus, the oxygen transfer reaction (O(3) + OH(-) → HO(2) + O(2)(-)) is endergonic by 3.39±1.80 kcal mol(-1), the electron transfer process (O(3) + O(2)(-) → O(3)(-) + O(2)) is exergonic by 31.53±1.05 kcal mol(-1), supporting the chain-carrier role of the superoxide ion, and the reaction O(3) + HO(2)(-) → OH + O(2)(-) + O(2) is exergonic by 12.78±1.15 kcal mol(-1), which is consistent with the fact that the addition of small amounts of HO(2)(-) (through H(2)O(2)) accelerates ozone decomposition in water. The combination of our results with previously reported thermokinetic data provides some insights into the potentially important role of the HO(4)(-) anion as a key reaction intermediate.