Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a major complication of obesity and an important global health problem, because of its high prevalence, causal relationship with serious medical complications, adverse effects on quality-of-life and economic impact due to increased health care costs and loss of productivity. The pathogenesis of T2D involves multi-organ insulin resistance, particularly insulin-resistant glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle (impaired insulin-mediated stimulation of glucose uptake) and the liver (impaired insulin-mediated suppression of glucose production), in conjunction with inadequate insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells. Even though a large number of effective medications are available to treat T2D, approximately half of patients fail to achieve adequate glycaemic control, defined by the American Diabetes Association as HbA1c < 7%.
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