Abstract
BackgroundIn a number of species males damage females during copulation, but the reasons for this remain unclear. It may be that males are trying to manipulate female mating behaviour or their life histories. Alternatively, damage may be a side-effect of male-male competition. In the black scavenger or dung fly Sepsis cynipsea (Diptera: Sepsidae) mating reduces female survival, apparently because males wound females during copulation. However, this damage does not seem to relate to attempted manipulation of female reproduction by males. Here we tested the hypothesis that harming females during mating is an incidental by-product of characters favoured during pre-copulatory male-male competition. We assessed whether males and their sons vary genetically in their ability to obtain matings and harm females, and whether more successful males were also more damaging. We did this by ranking males' mating success in paired competitions across several females whose longevity under starvation was subsequently measured.ResultsAs previously reported, our results show mating is costly for female S. cynipsea. However, variance in female longevity was not explained by male identity, family, body size, number of previous copulations, or copulation duration. Nevertheless, there was a positive correlation between the harm fathers inflicted on their mates (affecting female longevity) and the harm sons inflicted on theirs. Additionally, family identity significantly influenced male copulation success.ConclusionOur results indicate a heritable component of some yet unspecified male trait(s) that influence harm and mating success. However, there was no relationship between copulation success of fathers or sons and the mean longevity of their mates. We therefore found no support for harm being a side effect of traits favoured in pre-copulatory male-male competition.
Highlights
In a number of species males damage females during copulation, but the reasons for this remain unclear
There are a number of ways to be manipulative, and all involve some cost to the manipulated party as they are moved away from their reproductive optima [13,15], a situation recently termed conflict load [13]
In the beetle Callosobruchus maculatus the male intromittent organ physically damages females, reducing female life-span [17], and the traumatic insemination that occurs in the bed bug Cimex lectularius can decrease female longevity [19]
Summary
In a number of species males damage females during copulation, but the reasons for this remain unclear. In the black scavenger or dung fly Sepsis cynipsea (Diptera: Sepsidae) mating reduces female survival, apparently because males wound females during copulation This damage does not seem to relate to attempted manipulation of female reproduction by males. In addition to conflict load, manipulative traits can impose further costs, termed harm, and these can be partly distinguished from conflict load by the fact that harm frequently seems to negatively impact on the fitness of the manipulating and the manipulated sex [13] It is largely this fact that makes harm so difficult to understand (but see [16]), but an increasing number of studies document it. Seminal fluids have been shown to negatively impact on female lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster [20], with sex-peptide recently being implicated in this phenomenon [21,22]
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