Abstract
China has enacted the ordinance of plastic shopping bags since June 1 of 2008, which stipulates the bag thickness should be greater than or equal to 25 micrometers and consumers should pay for each bag they consume. However, the overall effect of the ordinance is lower-than-expected. This paper qualifies the carbon emissions associated with plastic shopping bag consumption in a fifteen year time series. The results indicate that, except for 2008, carbon emissions are on a continuous increase during this period. With respect to carbon emissions in 2008, there does appear a local minimum. Specifically, the carbon emissions relating to plastic bags in 2008 dropped 0.87% when compared with the emissions of 2007. This is not to suggest that the ordinance is effective in the long term, just that there is a slight carbon emission reduction in 2008. The transitory reduction of carbon emissions should be more attributed to the impact of Beijing Olympic Games than the effectiveness of the ordinance in hindsight. From 2009 on, the amount of carbon dioxide emissions generated by plastic shopping bags grows by 0.7-0.8% annually. Also, a two-child policy has taken into effect since 2011 which results in the net increase rate of entire population by 0.05% annually. When taken Beijing 2008 Olympic Games as well as the two-child population policy effect into consideration, it thus implies that the plastic bag ordinance may not be much effective to curb the bag usage in the long run. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
Highlights
Given the pollution of plastic shopping bags, many countries and cities have taken actions to reduce future harm caused by them
The computation result suggests that except for 2008, beginning with 2009, the amount of carbon emissions associated with plastic bag consumption increases by 0.7-0.8% annually
The study investigated: (1) whether ordinance of plastic shopping bags and the fee play a role in curbing bag consumption in Chinese mainland
Summary
Given the pollution of plastic shopping bags, many countries and cities have taken actions to reduce future harm caused by them. In order to win over public opinion in favor of reducing plastic shopping bag consumption nationwide, advertising campaign like providing reusable cloth bags to shoppers when shopping was conducted approximately half year in advance. Retailers are not allowed to provide free substandard plastic bags to shoppers, and bags should be paid for use. Manufacturers are forced to produce standard plastic bags, retailers have to supply brand-new bags and shoppers should pay for every bag they use, just as the polluter (user) pays principle suggests. After Olympic year, carbon emissions in all the 31 provinces in Chinese mainland rebounded, which revealed the overall effect of the ordinance on plastic bags was no better than a failure. Based on our observation, at least 40% of open markets and wet markets still provide shoppers with free substandard plastic bags. Since the actual performance of regulation is lower-than-expected, it is of our interest to analyze this environmental policy by focusing on the carbon emissions in particular
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