Is Pd(II)-promoted σ-bond metathesis mechanism operative for the Pd-PEPPSI complex-catalyzed amination of chlorobenzene with aniline? Experiment and theory.

Abstract

Reduction of the Pd-PEPPSI precatalyst to a Pd(0) species is generally thought to be essential to drive Buchwald-Hartwig amination reactions through the well-documented Pd(0)/Pd(II) catalytic cycle and little attention has been paid to other possible mechanisms. Considered here is the Pd-PEPPSI-catalyzed aryl amination of chlorobenzene with aniline. A neat reaction system was used in new experiments, from which the potentially reductive roles of the solvent and labile ligand of the PEPPSI complex in leading to Pd(0) species are ruled out. Computational results demonstrate that anilido-containing Pd(II) intermediates involving σ-bond metathesis in pathways leading to the diphenylamine product have relatively low barriers. Such pathways are more favorable energetically than the corresponding reductive elimination reactions resulting in Pd(0) species and other putative routes, such as the Pd(II)/Pd(IV) mechanism, single electron transfer mechanism, and halide atom transfer mechanism. In some special cases, if reactants/additives are inadequate to reduce a Pd(II) precatalyst, a Pd(II)-involved σ-bond metathesis mechanism might be feasible to drive the Buchwald-Hartwig amination reactions.