Abstract
Simple SummarySupply of raw materials such as corn and soybean meal as livestock and poultry feeds may be limited and is a significant concern during the Covid-19 pandemic especially for the countries that depend on importation of raw materials. Consequently, the palm kernel cake has been proposed as an alternative raw material for animal feeds to reduce importation dependency. The chemical composition of palm kernel cake varies depending on the method of oil extraction. The crude fiber content of palm kernel cake is acceptable to most ruminants but is considered high for poultry. Biodegradation of palm kernel cake through solid-state fermentation can improve its nutritional quality, improving broiler health status and growth performance.Palm kernel cake (PKC), a by-product of oil extracted from palm nuts through expeller press or solvent extraction procedures is one of the highest quantities of locally available and potentially inexpensive agricultural product. PKC provides approximately 14–18% of crude protein (CP), 12–20% crude fiber (CF), 3–9% ether extract (EE), and different amounts of various minerals that feasible to be used as a partial substitute of soybean meal (SBM) and corn in poultry nutrition. Poultry’s digestibility is reported to be compromised due to the indigestion of the high fiber content, making PKC potentially low for poultry feeding. Nevertheless, solid-state fermentation (SSF) can be applied to improve the nutritional quality of PKC by improving the CP and reducing CF content. PKC also contains β-mannan polysaccharide, which works as a prebiotic. However, there is a wide variation for the inclusion level of PKC in the broiler diet. These variations may be due to the quality of PKC, its sources, processing methods and value-added treatment. It has been documented that 10–15% of treated PKC could be included in the broiler’s diets. The inclusion levels will not contribute to a negative impact on the growth performances and carcass yield. Furthermore, it will not compromise intestinal microflora, morphology, nutrient digestibility, and immune system. PKC with a proper SSF process (FPKC) can be offered up to 10–15% in the diets without affecting broilers’ production performance.
Highlights
The livestock and poultry industries are vital to global industries that recorded consistent growth over the last 30 years
Some countries around the world produce plenty of local alternative feedstuffs which are by-products of the agricultural industry. These materials such as wheat bran, rice bran, cottonseed meal, copra meal, Palm kernel cake (PKC), palm kernel meal (PKM) wheat pollard, cocoa pods, oil palm fronds (OPF), palm oil mill effluent (POME), sugarcane bagasse, and cassava waste are widely used as livestock feeds [11,12]
The result obtained by Shashidhara and Devegowda [97] showed that antibody responses against infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) were higher in birds fed with manno-oligosaccharides (MOS) supplemented diet
Summary
The livestock and poultry industries are vital to global industries that recorded consistent growth over the last 30 years. Some countries around the world produce plenty of local alternative feedstuffs which are by-products of the agricultural industry More often, these materials such as wheat bran, rice bran, cottonseed meal, copra meal, PKC, palm kernel meal (PKM) wheat pollard, cocoa pods, oil palm fronds (OPF), palm oil mill effluent (POME), sugarcane bagasse, and cassava waste are widely used as livestock feeds [11,12]. Large quantities of PKC have been produced from the oil palm industry, and comprehensive studies are needed to assess its potential as alternative protein sources for poultry feeds [2]. 1a Untreated palm kernel cake [27]. 1b Untreated palm kernel cake [28]. 1c Untreated palm kernel cake [29]. 2a Untreated palm kernel meal [30]. 2b Untreated palm kernel meal [25]. 2c Untreated palm kernel meal [31]. 3 Ensiled PKM; PKM was ground, sprinkled with water until wet (not dripping) ensiled for 7 days [25]. 4 Degraded PKC; PKC was sprayed by extracts from Aspergillus niger and bags sealed for 7 days [32]. 5 Fermented PKC by Paenibacillus polymyxa ATTCC 842, for 9 days incubation period [28]. 6 Fermented PKC by Paenibacillus curdlanolyticus DSMZ 10248, for 9 days incubation period [28]. 7 Fermented PKC by Trichoderma koningii for 21 days [27]
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