Is Nanoscience a Mode 2 Field? Disciplinary Differences in Modes of Knowledge Production

Abstract

Nanotechnology is considered a key technology of the twenty-first century. It is widely expected that technological advances in the field of nanoscience will bring about social, environmental and economic benefits. Nanotechnology is also regarded as a paradigmatic field for a new “Mode 2” of knowledge production that is transdisciplinary in nature and oriented towards problem-solving. The aim of this chapter is to measure empirically the prevalence of “Mode 2 knowledge production” for research groups working in the field of nanoscience. Disciplinary differences are shown by comparing the knowledge generation in nanoscience to that of astrophysics (a field of science primarily concerned with basic research) and economics (a social science). In addition, it is determined to what extent policy instruments promote and generate this new form of knowledge production in all three fields. Finally, it is established what effect one of these policies – the promotion of science–industry ties – has on the scientific performance of research groups in nanoscience.