Abstract
European goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea L.) has long been applied in traditional medicine and recommended in the prophylaxis of urinary tract infections (UTIs). However, research describing the antibacterial properties of goldenrod is very limited. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the effect of S. virgaurea extract on the survival and biofilm formation of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. The interactions between the goldenrod extract and antibiotics used in UTIs were established. The influence of the extract on the duration of the post-antibiotic effects (PAE) and post-antibiotic sub-MIC effects (PASME) of amikacin and ciprofloxacin were determined. Extract composition was analyzed using coupled UHPLC/MS and the spectrophotometric method. The survival of bacteria was established using the serial dilution assay. The crystal violet assay for biofilm quantification was also used. PAE and PASME were investigated using the viable count method. The obtained results indicate that S. virgaurea extract limits the survival of planktonic forms of bacteria and reduces 24-h biofilm. However, the combination of S. virgaurea extract with antibiotics weakens their antibacterial activity and shortens the duration of PAE and PASME. Therefore, when deciding to use a combination of S. virgaurea extract and amikacin/ciprofloxacin, it is necessary to take into account their antagonistic activity.
Highlights
Accepted: 14 April 2021European goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea L.) is a perennial plant species that belongs to the aster family (Asteraceae)
Tentative identification of the main compounds recorded by LC-DAD was performed on the basis of their accurate masses using high-resolution mass spectrometry
The main peaks on the UHPLCchromatogram belong to chlorogenic acid, rutin and caffeoylquinic acid isomers
Summary
European goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea L.) is a perennial plant species that belongs to the aster family (Asteraceae). From the perspective of pharmacognosy and herbal medicine, upper parts of its shoot are of great importance. The most active substances accumulate in the flowers and leaves, which gives these parts of the plant a great pharmacognostic value [1]. S. virgaurea has long been applied in traditional medicine. It effectively supports the treatment of vascular, kidney and digestive system diseases. Goldenrod honey supports immunity and reduces infection. Goldenrod tea is used as a supportive remedy in poisoning
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