Abstract
Pakistan has lagged behind other nations with regard to several indicators of development, including primary school enrolment, infant and maternal mortality rates, and the availability of basic infrastructure (Easterly, 2003). The nation’s fertility transition experience has also differed from that of other countries. Until the early 1990s, the total fertility rate in Pakistan remained above six births per woman, even as total fertility in less developed countries as a whole had declined from 6.0 to 3.8 between 1960 and 1990 (United Nations, 2007). A “stubborn resistance to change” in fertility behaviour (Sathar and Casterline, 1998, p. 773) was attributed to a historically ineffective national population programme (Hakim, 2001; Robinson, Shah and Shah, 1981). Low levels of education, restricted household and social roles for women, conservative views about family planning and underinvestment in rural development were also thought to hinder the impetus to limit family size (Sathar and Casterline, 1998; Shah and Cleland, 1993).
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