Abstract
Introduction: Iodine deficiency during pregnancy can cause hypothyroidism and goiter; in schoolchildren, it can cause reduced intelligence quotient. In excess, iodine can cause thyroiditis, goiter, and Hashimoto's hypothyroidism. Currently, schoolchildren and pregnant women are classified as risk groups for excessive iodine intake and iodine deficiency, respectively. Thus, determining iodine from all sources of consumption is important for intervention planning.Objective: To construct a theoretical model for the iodine intake of schoolchildren and pregnant women of a city in the Zona da Mata Mineira region, considering a healthy diet, salt consumption and water intake.Methodology: The dietary iodine intake of pregnant women was analyzed based on a dietary iodine table compiled from an international database. A dietary plan was prepared following the Brazilian Food Guide. Iodine concentration of different salt brands sold in local establishments was checked, and drinking water samples from healthcare facilities were analyzed. A descriptive and exploratory statistical analysis was performed and the results were presented in absolute and relative frequencies, and measures of central tendency and dispersion.Results: According to the proposed diet, pregnant women and schoolchildren would have a daily intake of 71.6 μg and 71 μg, respectively. Thirteen salt brands were evaluated, 69.2% complied with the legislation and the mean iodine content was 29.88 mg. The mean concentration of iodine in water was 25 μg iodine/liter and 14 μg iodine/liter, respectively, in summer and autumn. Considering the intake of food, salt, and drinking water according to the proposed dietary plan, the daily intake for pregnant women would be 279.5 and 253.5 μg for schoolchildren.Conclusion: The daily iodine intake of schoolchildren and pregnant women according to this theoretical model was excessive, considering a healthy dietary pattern. This theoretical model can guide actions and public policies aimed at targeting all forms of iodine intake.
Highlights
Iodine deficiency during pregnancy can cause hypothyroidism and goiter; in schoolchildren, it can cause reduced intelligence quotient
Iodine deficiency in pregnant women causes hypothyroidism, goiter, and impaired fetal growth and poor brain development [2, 4]. It can culminate in significant reduction of intelligence quotient (IQ) and increased dropout rates [5]
On the other hand, ingesting more than 300 μg of iodine is excessive for both groups, which can lead to thyroiditis, goiter, and Hashimoto’s hypothyroidism [6]
Summary
Iodine deficiency during pregnancy can cause hypothyroidism and goiter; in schoolchildren, it can cause reduced intelligence quotient. The recommended daily intake during pregnancy is higher (250 μg) due to body changes, fetal growth and development, and specific physiological changes such as thyroid hormone stimulation, hormone delivery to fetus, and increased glomerular filtration (urinary excretion of 30 to 50% of iodine) [2]. This period is marked by nutritional vulnerability given the energy needs for delivery and lactation, and fetal development [3]. Iodine deficiency in pregnant women causes hypothyroidism, goiter, and impaired fetal growth and poor brain development [2, 4] While in schoolchildren, it can culminate in significant reduction of intelligence quotient (IQ) and increased dropout rates [5]. On the other hand, ingesting more than 300 μg of iodine is excessive for both groups, which can lead to thyroiditis, goiter, and Hashimoto’s hypothyroidism [6]
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