Irrigation Method and Volume for Korla Fragrant Pear: Impact on Soil Water and Salinity, Yield, and Fruit Quality

Abstract

A field study in an orchard of Korla fragrant pear tested three levels of irrigation (as varying proportions of evapotranspiration; namely, W1: 70% ETC, W2: 85% ETC, and W3: 100% ETC) and four methods of applying such irrigation; namely, F1: surface drip, F2: subsurface, F3: root zone infiltration, and CK: flood irrigation (as the control or check). The effects of the different treatments were evaluated in terms of plant growth (shoot length and leaf area), fruit yield and quality, and the distribution of water and salt in soil. For a given method of irrigation, soil moisture content, wet-front displacement, the length of new shoots, and leaf area under W3 were significantly higher than those under W1 and W2. The salt content under W3 was also significantly lower than that under W1 and W2, whereas the yield was significantly higher—by 5.89–13.85% compared to that under W2 and by 4.08–13.13% compared to that under W1. For a given volume of irrigation, yield, water-use efficiency, and fruit quality were significantly higher under F3 and F2 than those under F1. Soil water was more uniformly distributed and its content was significantly higher under F3 than the corresponding values under F1 or F2. The salt content of the root zone was the lowest under F3, and most of the soil salt was in soil layers deeper than 80 cm, but there was no significant difference between F3 and F2 (p < 0.05). There were also no significant differences in shoot length and leaf area among the three irrigation methods (F1, F2, and F3) (p < 0.05). Compared to that under F1, root zone infiltration under W1 was 3.61% greater, that under W2 was 6.58% greater, and that under W3 was 5.43% greater. The irrigation water-use efficiency and production factor efficiency for nitrogen under F3 and F2 were significantly higher than those under F1 (p < 0.05). Principal component analysis showed that the comprehensive score for fruit quality under different volumes of irrigation was the highest under W3, was intermediate under W2, and was the lowest under W1. The corresponding ranking of different irrigation methods was F2, F3, F1, and CK. Comprehensive analysis showed that yield, quality, and the efficiency of utilization of water and fertilizer were higher under the combination W3F3 than under any other combination—therefore, irrigation at 100% of evapotranspiration applied through root zone infiltration is recommended for Korla fragrant pear. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for the optimal use of water and for salt control in pear in Korla, Xinjiang.