Abstract
Water is a supreme requirement for the existence of life, the contamination from the point and non-point sources are creating a great threat to the water ecosystem. Advance tools and techniques are required to restore the water quality and metal-organic framework (MOFs) with a tunable porous structure, striking physical and chemical properties are an excellent candidate for it. Fe-based MOFs, which developed rapidly in recent years, are foreseen as most promising to overcome the disadvantages of traditional water depolluting practices. Fe-MOFs with low toxicity and preferable stability possess excellent performance potential for almost all water remedying techniques in contrast to other MOF structures, especially visible light photocatalysis, Fenton, and Fenton-like heterogeneous catalysis. Fe-MOFs become essential tool for water treatment due to their high catalytic activity, abundant active site and pollutant-specific adsorption. However, the structural degradation under external chemical, photolytic, mechanical, and thermal stimuli is impeding Fe-MOFs from further improvement in activity and their commercialization. Understanding the shortcomings of structural integrity is crucial for large-scale synthesis and commercial implementation of Fe-MOFs-based water treatment techniques. Herein we summarize the synthesis, structure and recent advancements in water remediation methods using Fe-MOFs in particular more attention is paid for adsorption, heterogeneous catalysis and photocatalysis with clear insight into the mechanisms involved. For ease of analysis, the pollutants have been classified into two major classes; inorganic pollutants and organic pollutants. In this review, we present for the first time a detailed insight into the challenges in employing Fe-MOFs for water remediation due to structural instability.
Highlights
In this century, the crucial problem that plagues human survival and development is environmental pollution
Fe3O4 nanoparticle encapsulated in mesoporous carbon shows high catalytic degradation of methylene blue and exhibit opportunity for recyclability with only 2% iron leaching after 5 catalytic cycles
This catalytically active stable structure was synthesized by the carbonization of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) derived from Fe2+ and 1,4,5,8–naphthalene tet racarboxylic dianhydride at 725 ◦C under N2 atmosphere followed by air treatment at 300 ◦C (Angamuthu et al, 2017)
Summary
The crucial problem that plagues human survival and development is environmental pollution. Conventional decontamination methods include filtration, coagulation, precipitation, adsorption, oxidation, membrane technology, biological process, and disinfection (Esplugas et al, 2007; Remanan et al, 2020; Vieno et al, 2006) The advantages of these methods are nullified by the high operational cost and energy requirement along with the generation of secondary toxic residues or by-products (Gupta et al, 2012; Jeong et al, 2012; Plewa et al, 2008; Sharma et al, 2017; Von Gunten, 2003). MOFs with very large surface area, tunable porosity, tailorable topology, crystal linity, adjustable functionalities, excellent photoelectronic properties, and high thermal and mechanical stability could eradicate prevailing challenges (Feng et al, 2018; Khan et al, 2013; Subudhi et al, 2018) These porous coordination reticular structures are synthesized by the coordination polymerization reaction between the metal ion/cluster and multi-topic organic ligands (Eddaoudi et al, 2001; Safaei et al, 2019). Compared to other MOFs the photocatalytic degradation of contaminants is economically facile with the Fe–O system, most of the photoactive MOFs reported possesses very large band gaps such as 3.4
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