Iron Status, Development, and Behavior in Young Children in the Pennsylvania Foster Care System, an Exploratory Retrospective Medicaid Chart Review

Abstract

ObjectivesTo 1) quantify the prevalence of iron deficiency (ID), iron deficiency anemia (IDA), and/or anemia in children in the Pennsylvania (PA) Foster Care System and 2) examine if a child’s iron status is associated with the frequency of certain developmental and behavioral diagnoses. MethodsRetrospective cohort Medicaid chart review of children, from 6 mos to 10 yrs of age, in the PA Foster Care System using the most recently available data (2010–2015), extracted from the Medicaid Analytic eXtract database. Data from ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes which capture iron status and anemia, along with 16 relevant behavioral and 10 relevant developmental diagnoses were extracted. ICD codes for ID, IDA, and anemia cannot be differentiated; therefore, we used ID/anemia as a group label. The prevalence of ID/anemia was calculated and the prevalence of developmental delays and behavioral impairments among those diagnosed with ID/anemia was compared to those who were not diagnosed with ID/anemia. Group differences were determined using Pearson’s chi-squared tests. ResultsFrom 2010–2015, there were 50,311 children, ages 6 mos to 10 yrs, in the PA Foster Care System. Of these, 1,365 (2.7%) were diagnosed with ID/anemia. Specific delays in development (a category with several sub-diagnoses) were reported in 48% of children with ID/anemia and 19% of children without diagnosed ID/anemia (χ2 = 679.42, p < 0.001). Moderate, severe, and profound intellectual disability (IQ < 49) were each reported in 0.5% of children with ID/anemia, and in children without diagnosed ID/anemia, in 0.16% (χ2 = 9.84, p = 0.002), 0.1% (χ2 = 19.79, p < 0.001), and 0.08% (χ2 = 26.44, p < 0.001), respectively. Adjustment disorder with depressive mood was reported in 1% of children with diagnosed ID/anemia and 0.6% of children without (χ2 = 4.10, p < 0.05). Irritability was different between groups (χ2 = 59.91, p < 0.001; 0.9% of children with ID/anemia and 0.1% of children without). ConclusionsIn 2010–2015, 2.7% of children in PA Foster Care (6 mos-10 yrs old) were diagnosed as ID, IDA, and/or anemic. Frequency of developmental and behavioral diagnoses were generally greater in children with ID, IDA, or anemia, emphasizing the need for follow up of these children. Funding SourcesThe John L. Beard Endowment and the CHHD Limited Endowment Funds, The Pennsylvania State University.