Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of iron and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) supplementations in the heart tissue of Wistar male rats with T2DM. After diabetes induced by High fat diet and streptozotocin (HFD-STZ) in animals, oxidative stress markers, including TOS, TAC, OSI (oxidative stress index), MDA, expression of RAGE, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, TNF-α, tissue level of triglyceride (TG), and total cholesterol in the heart of the rats receiving Ferrous sulfate and ω-3 PUFA supplements were studied. Histopathological analysis was also performed to determine cardiac injury.Significant changes in the level of oxidative stress and inflammatory factors revealed the positive effect of ω-3 PUFA supplementation on diminishing the inflammatory and oxidative stress status. After comparing the group D.ω.F with the group D.ω, a significant decrease in the expression level of RAGE genes; inflammatory factors of TNF-α, ICAM-1, VCAM-1; the levels of MDA and OSI (P < 0.05); and tissue level of TNF-α protein (P < 0.01) was observed, indicating a negative effect of iron supplementation on ω-3 PUFA anti-inflammatory properties. In addition, a substantial increment was found in the tissue levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides in groups D and D.ω.F compared to the group CN, which indicates the effect of diabetes on increasing tissue accumulation of these two lipids. So, the consumption of these two supplements at the same time could intensify the effects of diabetes.Ferrous sulfate supplementation neutralizes the anti-inflammatory properties of ω-3 PUFA by increasing the oxidative stress, inflammatory markers, and tissue levels of triglycerides and total cholesterol.
Highlights
Diabetes mellitus, as one of the biggest health problems worldwide, is characterized by hyperglycemia resulted from abnormalities in insulin secretion or action [1]
A substantial increment was found in the tissue levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides in groups D and D.ω.F compared to the group CN, which indicates the effect of diabetes on increasing tissue accumulation of these two lipids
Ferrous sulfate supplementation neutralizes the anti-inflammatory properties of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) by increasing the oxidative stress, inflammatory markers, and tissue levels of triglycerides and total cholesterol
Summary
As one of the biggest health problems worldwide, is characterized by hyperglycemia resulted from abnormalities in insulin secretion or action [1]. One of the harmful effects of hyperglycemia is causing cardiovascular complications associated with metabolic changes such as endothelial dysfunction as well as mild changes in myocardial structure [2]. Oxidative stress can drive glycation, while during a faulty cycle AGE (Advanced Glycation End Products), its level increases by accelerating the oxidation process [4]. Increasing the level and activity of AGE increases RAGE, reactive oxygen species (ROS), expressions of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, and inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which eventually result in cardiac complications in diabetes [9]. After diabetes induced by HFD-STZ in animals, oxidative stress markers, including TOS, TAC, OSI (oxidative stress index), MDA, expression of RAGE, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, TNF-α, tissue level of triglyceride (TG), and total cholesterol in the heart of the rats receiving Ferrous sulfate and ω-3 PUFA supplements were studied.
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