Abstract
In recent years, many promising nanotechnological approaches to biomedical research have been developed in order to increase implementation of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering in clinical practice. In the meantime, the use of nanomaterials for the regeneration of diseased or injured tissues is considered advantageous in most areas of medicine. In particular, for the treatment of cardiovascular, osteochondral and neurological defects, but also for the recovery of functions of other organs such as kidney, liver, pancreas, bladder, urethra and for wound healing, nanomaterials are increasingly being developed that serve as scaffolds, mimic the extracellular matrix and promote adhesion or differentiation of cells. This review focuses on the latest developments in regenerative medicine, in which iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) play a crucial role for tissue engineering and cell therapy. IONPs are not only enabling the use of non-invasive observation methods to monitor the therapy, but can also accelerate and enhance regeneration, either thanks to their inherent magnetic properties or by functionalization with bioactive or therapeutic compounds, such as drugs, enzymes and growth factors. In addition, the presence of magnetic fields can direct IONP-labeled cells specifically to the site of action or induce cell differentiation into a specific cell type through mechanotransduction.
Highlights
The number of publications related to the field of regenerative medicine have increased dramatically over the last 20 years
Chorny et al demonstrated the feasibility of site-specific delivery of paclitaxel (Ptx) to implanted magnetizable stents in a rat carotid stenting model by uniform magnetic field-guided targeting of Ptx-loaded iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) that resulted in significant inhibition of in-stent restenosis [119]
Besides the possibility of IONP-based visualization of scaffolds in the field of tissue engineering, IONPs can be adapted to any specific application where cellular effects are controlled by loading and delivery of bioactive agents
Summary
The number of publications related to the field of regenerative medicine have increased dramatically over the last 20 years. The functionalization of NPs enables their utilization in a variety of biotechnological and biomedical applications They are used as biosensors, in diagnostics as contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic particle imaging (MPI), ultra sound (US), positron emission tomography (PET), photo acoustic tomography (PAT) and computed tomography (CT), and in the treatment of diseases, through targeted or stimuli-responsive drug delivery of bioactive agents, in tissue engineering and regeneration [28,30,31,32,33,34,35]. Negatively or positively charged NPs are rapidly removed from the circulation by macrophages [29]
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