Iron–organic carbon associations stimulate carbon accumulation in paddy soils by decreasing soil organic carbon priming

Abstract

Iron-bound organic carbon (Fe-OC) complexes are important for stabilizing soil organic carbon (SOC) against biodegradation. However, it is unclear how the stabilization of OC and its release from Fe minerals subsequently affect the priming effect on SOC mineralization. To address the knowledge gap, we incubated typical paddy soil for 60 days by adding 2-line ferrihydrite (2LFh) or 6-line Fh (6LFh)-bound glucose, each with both high and low amounts of glucose, under anaerobic conditions. Approximately 21% more CO2 was derived from 2LFh-bound glucose than from 6LFh-bound glucose. Glucose addition alone stimulated SOC mineralization and caused a positive priming effect (0.27% of SOC). In contrast, 2LFh- and 6LFh-bound glucose inhibited SOC mineralization to both CO2 and CH4 and subsequently induced a negative priming effect, ranging from −0.33% to −0.55% SOC. Compared to 2LFh-bound glucose, 6LFh-bound glucose induced a lower priming effect on CO2 emissions (2-fold lower), which was attributed to the lower Fe-reduction rate of 6LFh and OC released. In addition, the available nutrients adsorbed by 6LFh were more difficult to release than those by 2LFh, which aggravated microbial nutrient limitation, and further decreased microbial activity. The priming effect for CH4 emissions was directly proportional to the glucose level loaded. The Fe reduction rates were higher in Fh-bound high amount of glucose than that in the Fh-bound low amount of glucose, which subsequently provided more available C sources for methanogens. Thus, Fe minerals have a high capacity for SOC accumulation, as they prevent bound OC from mineralization and decrease native SOC priming. Moreover, the protection of SOC by Fe minerals depended on its crystalline structure and the amount of OC loading. Our results show that promoting the transformation from weakly crystalline Fe oxides to more crystalline forms would increase SOC accumulation and stability over the complete rice-growing period.