Abstract
This study was undertaken to introduce a fast, accurate, selective, simple and environment-friendly colorimetric method to determine iron (II) concentration in different lipstick brands imported or manufactured locally in Baghdad, Iraq. The samples were collected from 500-Iraqi dinars stores to establish routine tests using the spectrophotometric method and compared with a new microfluidic paper-based analytical device (µPAD) platform as an alternative to cost-effective conventional instrumentation such as Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). This method depends on the reaction between iron (II) with iron(II) selective chelator 1, 10-phenanthroline(phen) in the presence of reducing agent hydroxylamine (HOA) and sodium acetate (NaOAc) buffer to yield a reddish/orange colour change proportional to the iron(II) concentration measured at λmax = 510 nm. Under optimum conditions, the calibration curve was linear in the range between (0.5-150) mg L-1 with a limit of detection of 0.09 mg L-1. Compared to a spectrophotometric detection method, µPAD measured colour intensity using captured images using Samsung mobile phone and image J program to give proof of concept that µPAD platform fulfils the purpose of accuracy and at the same time remaining cost-effective and simplistic to be used in both developing and developed countries gave same linear calibration curve with a limit of detection 0.12 mg L-1. ANOVA test was used to compare the proposed method results with conventional method results showing the method was accepted. The antimicrobial activity showed no significant effect from lipstick samples on tested microbes.
Highlights
Cosmetic is defined by the European Union cosmetics regulation as substance, preparation or mixture placed in contact with different external human body parts such as hair, nails, epidermis, lips, etc. or applied to the teeth and the mucous membranes of the oral cavity aiming to be used as personal care merchandises to mask body odour, clean, protect, and improve ones’ physical appearance to increase confidence and selfesteem[1,2]
Two new, simple, reliable and economical colorimetric assays including spectrophotometric and paper-based analytical microfluidic devices were used for the development of in situ system for measuring the iron (II) concentration in cheap lipsticks samples collected from the local market of Baghdad, Iraq as this metal could cause toxic metal poisoning to lipstick consumers due to daily use
This paper used the employment of 1,10phenanthroline as a mostly used ligand in coordination chemistry for iron (II) detection to form a measurable complex and its resulted absorption due to colour change is proportional to the concentration of iron(II) that exist in lipstick
Summary
Cosmetic is defined by the European Union cosmetics regulation as substance, preparation or mixture placed in contact with different external human body parts such as hair, nails, epidermis, lips, etc. or applied to the teeth and the mucous membranes of the oral cavity aiming to be used as personal care merchandises to mask body odour, clean, protect, and improve ones’ physical appearance to increase confidence and selfesteem[1,2]. Various cosmetics marketed globally including perfumes, makeup products, hair products, baby products and skincare products[5] are manufactured from natural environments (soil, water and rocks) which are considered the main ingredients for the cosmetics products industry of raw materials and pigments[6]. Cosmetic products may be contaminated with trace amounts of heavy metals naturally in these ingredients in different proportions due to inadequate purification of the natural raw material or released by the metallic devices used during the manufacturing of cosmetics 7,8. Women ingest lipstick due to eating and/or drinking, kissing, and licking their lips.
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