Iron deficiency anemia and nutrition in the second year of life in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Abstract

To assess the influence of feeding practices on the prevalence of anemia among breast-fed children, based on the nutritional profile of children receiving care at an outpatient pediatric clinic in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This was a cross-sectional study with 288 children between 12 and 18 months of age who were seen at the outpatient clinic between January and June 1993. The children were assessed in terms of the presence of iron-deficiency anemia. In addition, two questionnaires were done with the child's mother or the other person who had brought the child to the clinic: a 24-hour dietary recall and a record of the frequency of the consumption of iron-rich foods. Of the 288 children, 144 of them had signs of anemia (hemoglobin < 11 g/dL); of these 144, 38 of them had severe anemia (hemoglobin < 9.5 g/dL). We found low levels of bioavailable iron in the foods consumed, limited consumption of meat, and vitamin C consumption separate from meals. We found a significant association between the prevalence of severe anemia and inadequate iron intake (relative risk = 2.28; 95% confidence interval = 1.12 to 4.66; P = 0.02). The intake of bioavailable iron was higher in the group without anemia (P = 0.04). Individuals caring for breast-fed children should be educated concerning the nutritional contents of complementary foods so as to increase the bioavailability of iron in the children's diets. One way to achieve this objective might be through "Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses," a strategy endorsed by a number of international organizations as a way to reduce child mortality and morbidity in developing countries.