Iron- and manganese-rich minor intrusions emplaced under late-orogenic conditions in the proterozoic of South Greenland

Abstract

Three small intrusions in Ketilidian gneisses near Julianehaab comprise sheets and veins of olivine-magnetite-grunerite or magnetite-amphibole rocks partly surrounded by garnetiferous hornblende-biotite granitoid rock. The latter “skin” locally widens out into diffuse bodies of fayalite-orthopyroxene-quartz syenite or monzonite and biotite “granite”, which show layering similar to that resulting from gravity settling of crystals. Near the intrusions the country rocks lose their foliation and have been partially melted. Intrusion probably occurred at the close of regional metamorphism ∼ 1,750–1,780 m.y. ago, just prior to emplacement of the rapakivi granite suite of South Greenland. The mafic minerals of the intrusions are markedly enriched in iron and, in the case of olivine, orthopyroxene, grunerite and garnet, in manganese as well: olivine Fa90Te5Fo5; orthopyroxene (inverted pigeonite) Ca2Fe77Mn6Mg15; calciferous amphiboles are typically hastingsitic; biotites generally have Fe/Fe+Mg ratios of 0.8; garnets are almandine-grossularite-spessartine mixtures; essentially pure magnetite is the dominant oxide mineral and ilmenite is only moderately manganiferous. Crystallization of the mafic rocks appears to have followed the trend of the quartz-fayalite-magnetite buffer curve from perhaps ∼800°C to <550°C at pressures, calculated from thermodynamic considerations, of 4 to 5 kb. However, the presence of Mn makes estimates of pressure and temperature uncertain. Comparison with other late- to post-orogenic intrusions—the South Greenland and Finnish rapakivi granite suites, the Labrador “adamellite” complex and the Pikes Peak batholith of Colorado—reveals both similarities and differences, particularly with respect to mineral parageneses, depth of emplacement and manganese enrichment.