Irinotecan-mediated diarrhea is mainly correlated with intestinal exposure to SN-38: Critical role of gut Ugt

Abstract

Background and purposeIrinotecan-induced diarrhea (IID) results from intestinal damages by its active metabolite SN-38. Alleviation of these damages has focused on lowering luminal SN-38 concentrations. However, it is unclear if the enteric bioavailability of SN-38 is mostly dependent on luminal SN-38 concentrations. Experimental approachIrinotecan (50 mg/kg, i.p. once daily for 6 days) was administered to female wildtype FVB, Mdr1a (−/−), Mrp2 (−/−) and Bcrp1 (−/−) mice for pharmacokinetic (PK), toxicokinetic (TK) and biodistribution studies. Plasma PK/TK profiles and tissues drug distribution were determined after first or sixth daily doses, along with activities of blood and gut esterases and intestinal Ugts. Caco-2 cells and bile-cannulate mice were used to further investigate intestinal and biliary disposition of irinotecan and its metabolites. Key resultsSignificant differences in IID severity were observed with the susceptible rank of Bcrp1(−/−) > wildtype FVB > Mdr1a(−/−) > Mrp2(−/−). This rank order did not correlate with biliary excretion rates of SN-38/SN-38G. Rather, the severity was best correlated (R = 0.805) with the intestinal ratio of Css SN-38/SN-38G, a measure of gut Ugt activity. On the contrary, IID was poorly correlated with plasma AUC ratio of SN-38/SN-38G (R = 0.227). Increased intestinal esterase activities due to repeated dosing and gut efflux transporter functionality are the other key factors that determine SN-38 enteric exposures. Conclusion and implicationsIntestinal SN-38 exposure is mainly affected by intestinal Ugt activities and blood esterase activities, and strongly correlated with severity of IID. Modulating intestinal SN-38 concentration and gut Ugt expression should be the focus of future studies to alleviate IID.