Abstract
An iridium-catalyzed highly stereoselective transfer hydrogenation of N-protected 2,4-disubstituted-1,5-benzodiazepines as well as dibenzo[1,5]oxa/thiazepines is realized in an aqueous solvent under acidic conditions, with formic acid as the hydride donor. Only trans-products are obtained in all the cases where diastereoselective issues are associated. The catalyst efficiency is highly dependent on the electronic and steric properties of the substrates. Topologically analyzing the angle of attack for hydride delivering revealed, stereoelectronically, that the steric interaction between the N-protecting group and the sterically large iridium hydride intermediate constitutes the main contributor to the excellent stereochemical control. Highly deuterated products can also be accessible with DCO2D as the deuteride donor. The observed primary kinetic isotope effect (kH/kD = 4.24) suggests that the formation of iridium hydride through β-hydride elimination should be the rate-determining step (with C-H bond cleavage). The potential use of the chirally modified iridium catalysts in a chemical resolution of racemic 1,5-benzodiazepines is also conceptually demonstrated.
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