Abstract
1. Introduction 2. The prelude: the political economy of pre-revolutionary Iran 3. The economics of upheaval, 1977-80 4. The cost of sacred defense, 1980-9 5. The reconstruction jihad, 1989-97 6. Ayatollah Gorbachev: reform within the red lines, 1997-2005 7. Populism, version 2.0: the Ahmadinejad era, 2005-13 8. Energy and the Islamic republic 9. Sanctions and the sacred state 10. Conclusion.
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