Abstract
There is a growing interest in increasing the penetration rate of renewable energy systems due to the drawbacks associated with the use of fossil fuels. However, the grid integration of renewable energy systems represents many challenging tasks for system operation, stability, reliability, and power quality. Small hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) are small-scale power systems consisting of energy sources and storage units to manage and optimize energy production and consumption. Appropriate real-time monitoring of HRES plays an essential role in providing accurate information to enable the system operator to evaluate the overall performance and identify any abnormal conditions. This work proposes an internet of things (IoT) based architecture for HRES, consisting of a wind turbine, a photovoltaic system, a battery storage system, and a diesel generator. The proposed architecture is divided into four layers: namely power, data acquisition, communication network, and application layers. Due to various communication technologies and the missing of a standard communication model for HRES, this work, also, defines communication models for HRES based on the IEC 61850 standard. The monitoring parameters are classified into different categories, including electrical, status, and environmental information. The network modeling and simulation of a university campus is considered as a case study, and critical parameters, such as network topology, link capacity, and latency, are investigated and discussed.
Highlights
The advances in information and communication technologies (ICT) play an essential role in future smart grids, covering generation, transmission, distribution, and consumption
The hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) consists of wind energy, a conventional distributed generator, a photovoltaic system, a battery storage system, and loads
Two scenarios are considered for grid integration of HRES in a university campus: Building Area Network (BAN) for a single building and Campus Area Network (CAN) for a group of buildings
Summary
The advances in information and communication technologies (ICT) play an essential role in future smart grids, covering generation, transmission, distribution, and consumption. The smart grid aims to improve operation, monitoring, reliability, efficiency, and stability for both consumers and service providers [1,2] In this direction, the internet of things (IoT) is a promising technology that, expected, to play an essential role in enabling the electric power system to achieve planned goals in monitoring, protection, and control. The internet of things (IoT) is a promising technology that, expected, to play an essential role in enabling the electric power system to achieve planned goals in monitoring, protection, and control This can be done by incorporating sensors, actuators, and metering devices and supporting various systems automation and network functions [3,4]. IoT technology has received significant attention across multiple application domains such as smart homes/buildings [5], healthcare [6], agriculture [7], and cities [8]
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