Abstract
Chronic wounds that stall at the inflammatory phase of healing may create several life-threatening complications such as tissue damage, septicemia, and organ failures. In order to prevent these adverse clinical outcomes and accelerate the wound healing process, it is crucial to monitor the wound status in real-time so that immediate therapeutic interventions can be implemented. In addition, continuous monitoring of the wound status can prevent drug overdose at the wound site, leading to on-demand and personalized drug delivery. Inflammatory mediators, such as Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Interleukin-10 (IL-10) are promising indicators for the progression of wound healing and predictors of disease severity. Toward this end, this work reports a flexible wound patch for multiplexed monitoring of IL-6 and IL-10 at the wound site in order to provide real-time feedback on the inflammation phase of the wound. An optimized composition of gold nanoparticles integrated multiwalled carbon nanotube was demonstrated to improve sensor performance substantially. The sensor also exhibited excellent repeatable, reversible, and drift characteristics. A miniaturized Internet-of-things (IoT)-enabled potentiostat was also developed and integrated with the flexible sensor to realize a wearable system. This IoT-enabled wearable device provides a smart and cost-effective solution to improving the existing wound care through continuous, real-time, and in-situ monitoring of multiple wound biomarkers.
Highlights
Wounds are ruptured skin caused by accidents or chronic conditions, including diabetes mellitus, vascular diseases, infection, cancer, or surgery (Sen et al, 2009)
The AuNP-MWCNT coated and uncoated electrodes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and chronoamperometry (CA)
3.1.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy The size, distribution, and morphology of AuNP decorated MWCNT network was visualized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
Summary
Wounds are ruptured skin caused by accidents or chronic conditions, including diabetes mellitus, vascular diseases, infection, cancer, or surgery (Sen et al, 2009). Recent research thrust on chronic wounds has identified several wound biomarkers, which can be categorized into physicochemical parameters, enzymes, metabolites, and bacterial pathogens (Brown et al, 2018; O’Callaghan et al, 2020; Mota et al, 2021). The presence of different bacteria, including P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and B. fragilis at the wound sites, results in an accumulation of pyocyanin, which is the primary bacterial metabolite (McLister et al, 2017; Mota et al, 2021). To date, studying the real-time immune regulation of skin wound healing is heavily unexplored. It is noteworthy that realtime detection and monitoring of both pro-and antiinflammatory elements of the immune system is essential for the effective management of chronic wounds
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