Abstract
The combination of blockchain technology and Internet of Things (IoT) technology has brought many significant advantages and new development directions. With the development of embedded technology and 5G communication technology, the performance limitations and network limitations that are traditionally believed to restrict the application of blockchain technology to IoT devices have been broken. The development of “blockchain + 5G + IoT” provides reliable data from the source for the blockchain, linking the credible mapping of physical assets and digital assets. However, at the beginning of the blockchain design, the application of the IoT was not fully considered, so there have been some obvious defects in applying the blockchain technology in the IoT. In the Byzantine fault tolerance (BFT) consensus algorithm of traditional blockchain, the entire blockchain network will become paralyzed when more than 1/3 of the nodes in the network are offline. However, in IoT applications, this situation is likely to occur and greatly limits the security and stability of the application of blockchain technology in the IoT. In order to solve this problem, we proposed an IoT adaptive dynamic blockchain networking method based on discrete heartbeat signals. The feature of the method is to set a different monitoring time for each group of nodes, that is, discrete heartbeat signals monitoring. When the number of nodes gradually decreases, the IoT adaptive dynamic blockchain network can dynamically adapt to this process. Even when more than 1/3 of the IoT are offline, the adaptive dynamic IoT blockchain network can maintain stable running. This method also has the advantages of a short network expectation recovery time and avoids instantaneous system paralysis caused by the thundering herd effect. This research improves the security and stability of the application of blockchain technology in the IoT, and provides the necessary technical foundation for the better combination of blockchain technology and IoT technology.
Highlights
The Internet of Things (IoT) is an environment in which physical things are embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity, with the ability to transfer data and generate collaborative outcomes [1]
When more than 1/3 of the IoT nodes go offline, it will lead to the failure to complete the Byzantine fault tolerance (BFT) consensus algorithm, and the system will be stuck in the current round and be unable to continue, which will paralyze the entire blockchain network
In order to solve the problem of the entire blockchain network becoming be paralyzed when more than 1/3 of the IoT devices in the BFT consensus algorithm blockchain network are offline, we proposed an IoT adaptive dynamic blockchain networking method based on discrete heartbeat signals
Summary
The Internet of Things (IoT) is an environment in which physical things are embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity, with the ability to transfer data and generate collaborative outcomes [1]. The IoT has gradually developed into a mature ecosystem composed of intelligent terminals, communication networks, edge computing, platform systems, and IoT applications, as shown in Figure 1 [2,3]. Blockchain refers to a type of data structure that enables the identification and tracking of transactions digitally and the sharing of this information across a distributed network of computers, creating a distributed trust network [4]. The distributed ledger technology offered by blockchain provides a transparent and secure means for tracking the ownership and transfer of assets. Blockchain technology offers a way for untrusted parties to reach a consensus on common digital records [5]
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