Ionotropic Gelation Synthesis of Chitosan-Alginate Nanodisks for Delivery System and In Vitro Assessment of Prostate Cancer Cytotoxicity

David Patiño-Ruiz,Niradiz Reyes,Leandro Marrugo,Adriana Herrera,María Acevedo-Morantes

doi:10.1155/2020/5329747

David Patiño-Ruiz, Niradiz Reyes + Show 3 more

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https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5329747

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Abstract

We report on the synthesis of chitosan-alginate nanodisks (Cs-Al NDs) using a simple approach consisting of the ionotropic gelation method. Sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) was used as crosslinking agent to promote the electrostatic interaction between amine groups the chitosan and hydroxyl and carboxyl groups of alginate. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images provided direct evidence of the morphology of the nanodisks where agglomeration was observed due to the electrostatic interaction between the functional groups. Furthermore, dynamic light scattering (DLS) showed that the hydrodynamic size of the Cs-Al NDs was 227 nm and 152 nm in pH 1.2 and pH 7.4, respectively, which is in agreement with the information observed in the SEM images. The chemical structure is presented mainly the amine and carboxyl groups due to the presence of chitosan and alginate in the nanodisks, respectively, which allow the electrostatic interaction through N-H linkages. According to the X-ray diffraction, we found that the Cs-Al NDs exhibited the typical structure of chitosan and alginate, which lead the formation of polyelectrolyte complexes. We also evaluated the encapsulation of amoxicillin in the nanodisk, obtaining a loading efficiency of 74.98%, as well as a maximum in vitro release amount of 63.2 and 52.3% at pH 1.2 and 7.4, respectively. Finally, the cytotoxicity effect of the Cs-Al nanodisks was performed in human prostatic epithelial PWR-1E and Caucasian prostate adenocarcinoma PC-3 cell lines, in which the cell viability was above 80% indicating low inhibition and determining the Cs-Al NDs as a promising technology for controlled delivery systems.

Highlights

Natural polymers such as polysaccharides have been widely explored for the synthesis of nanomaterials applied to multiple applications, especially in the biomedical and pharmaceutical fields [1, 2]
The nanoparticles were successfully synthesized with a more disk shape than the usual spherical or common structures, presenting a regular and smooth surface but a wide size range, which can be attributed to many factors such as the biopolymer concentrations and electrostatic interaction that occurs during ionotropic gelation using sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) as a highly charged compound [20, 21]
The electrostatic interaction helps with the formation of polyelectrolyte complexes by using a crosslinking agent such as STPP, which contributes to the crosslinking and orientation of the nanoparticles during the growth [23,24,25]

Summary

Introduction

Natural polymers such as polysaccharides have been widely explored for the synthesis of nanomaterials applied to multiple applications, especially in the biomedical and pharmaceutical fields [1, 2]. Polysaccharides such as chitosan and alginate are abundant and can be found in the environment and possess excellent physicochemical and biological properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low toxicity, which demonstrate that these biopolymers are suitable for sustained and controlled drug delivery systems [3,4,5]. The combination of both biopolymers is shown to be more effective than chitosan or alginate separately, improving the binding performance and stability in acidic and basic environments, which enables more controlled delivery and release of drugs according to the external stimuli, and may be extended to other characteristics of the environment such as temperature and ion strength [16, 17]

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