Abstract
The ionosphere is a highly dynamic partially-ionized plasma that exhibits a significant variation with the solar cycle, season, geomagnetic activity, and universal time. Over the years, numerous modeling approaches have been used to account for this ionospheric behavior. The modeling approaches include: (1) Empirical models based on an extensive data base of world-wide measurements; (2) Three-dimensional, time-dependent numerical models; (3) Parameterized models that are based on spherical harmonic fits to the output obtained from global numerical models; and (4) Data assimilation models. The various modeling approaches will be discussed in this brief review, with the emphasis on numerical and data assimilation models.
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