Abstract
Radiation-induced late brain injury consisting of vascular abnormalities, demyelination, white matter necrosis, and cognitive impairment has been described in patients subjected to cranial radiotherapy for brain tumors. Accumulating evidence suggests that various degrees of cognitive deficit can develop after much lower doses of ionizing radiation, as well. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these alterations are not elucidated so far. A permanent deficit in neurogenesis, chronic microvascular alterations, and blood–brain barrier dysfunctionality are considered among the main causative factors. Chronic neuroinflammation and altered immune reactions in the brain, which are inherent complications of brain irradiation, have also been directly implicated in the development of cognitive decline after radiation. This review aims to give a comprehensive overview on radiation-induced immune alterations and inflammatory reactions in the brain and summarizes how these processes can influence cognitive performance. The available data on the risk of low-dose radiation exposure in the development of cognitive impairment and the underlying mechanisms are also discussed.
Highlights
Cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to radiation-induced brain injury are far from being understood
The concomitant involvement of multiple processes is thought to contribute to the development of several pathologies. Such processes are damage at the level of microvessels leading to blood–brain barrier (BBB) leakage, increased neuronal stem, and progenitor cell death as a consequence of direct cytotoxic effect of radiation, perturbations in the energy production due to mitochondrial damage, as well as direct and consequential inflammatory and immune reactions
We presented data proving a direct link between ionizing radiation-induced neuroinflammation and the development of late neurodegenerative disorders and cognitive deficit
Summary
Radiation-induced late brain injury consisting of vascular abnormalities, demyelination, white matter necrosis, and cognitive impairment has been described in patients subjected to cranial radiotherapy for brain tumors. Accumulating evidence suggests that various degrees of cognitive deficit can develop after much lower doses of ionizing radiation, as well. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these alterations are not elucidated so far. Chronic neuroinflammation and altered immune reactions in the brain, which are inherent complications of brain irradiation, have been directly implicated in the development of cognitive decline after radiation. This review aims to give a comprehensive overview on radiation-induced immune alterations and inflammatory reactions in the brain and summarizes how these processes can influence cognitive performance. The available data on the risk of low-dose radiation exposure in the development of cognitive impairment and the underlying mechanisms are discussed
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