Abstract
The study of inner-shell transitions induced by an intense (>1019 W/cm2) ultrashort (∼5 fs) x-ray pulse provides a challenging opportunity to investigate the behavior and dynamics of hollow atoms and to explore the feasibility of creating population inversions in some of the inner-shell states that may lead to a variety of amplifications and gains in the x-ray regime. In this paper, we investigate the interaction through inner-shell photoionizations of a spectrally broad femtosecond pulse of betatron x-ray radiation incident on a gold atom. The level populations of Pt-like Au and Ir-like Au are described by non-(local thermodynamic equilibrium) inner-shell dynamics and compared and contrasted with the level populations created by a "single" frequency x-ray laser pulse. Gain coefficients for a variety of transitions are calculated. It is found that long wavelength x-rays must be filtered from the betatron spectrum before any population inversions can be generated.
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