Abstract
Calcium phosphate materials (CaPs) are similar to inorganic part of human mineralized tissues (i.e., bone, enamel, and dentin). Owing to their high biocompatibility, CaPs, mainly hydroxyapatite (HA), have been investigated for their use in various medical applications. One of the most widely used ways to improve the biological and physicochemical properties of HA is ionic substitution with trace ions. Recent developments in bioceramics have already demonstrated that introducing foreign ions is also possible in other CaPs, such as tricalcium phosphates (amorphous as well as α and β crystalline forms) and brushite. The purpose of this paper is to review recent achievements in the field of non-apatitic CaPs substituted with various ions. Particular attention will be focused on tricalcium phosphates (TCP) and “additives” such as magnesium, zinc, strontium, and silicate ions, all of which have been widely investigated thanks to their important biological role. This review also highlights some of the potential biomedical applications of non-apatitic substituted CaPs.
Highlights
Calcium phosphates (CaPs) are commonly used biomaterials in various medical fields, i.e., mineralized tissue surgery, implantology, orthopaedics, and stomatology
These materials differ in Ca/P molar ratio and both physicochemical and biological properties, such as solubility, biodegradability, and bioactivity [1]. They are stable in various pHs: for example, HA is chemically stable in aqueous solution in pH > 8, whereas octacalcium phosphate (OCP) and dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) in neutral and pH < 6, respectively
In comparison with unmodified calcium phosphates phosphates cements (CPCs), 25% of previously introduced drug remained in the SiCPC matrix
Summary
Calcium phosphates (CaPs) are commonly used biomaterials in various medical fields, i.e., mineralized tissue surgery, implantology, orthopaedics, and stomatology Due to their special properties, such as biocompatibility, bioactivity, nontoxicity, and osteoconductivity, they play a crucial role as bone grafts, bone fillers, and coating materials [1,2]. Most commonly, they are applied in a form of porous granules, scaffolds, or hydraulic, ready-to-use, mouldable cements. CaPs can be obtained in different crystalline or amorphous phases, depending on the synthesis conditions (see Scheme 1) These materials differ in Ca/P molar ratio and both physicochemical and biological properties, such as solubility, biodegradability, and bioactivity [1].
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