Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are new-generation, non-volatile solvents which are designable, and their structure may be specifically adjusted to the current application needs. Therefore, it is possible to create and apply ILs which efficiently and selectively extract various analytes from different matrices. It has already been examined that ILs may be applied as receiving phases in passive sampling for the long-term water monitoring of PAHs and pharmaceuticals in water. In this paper, the concept of passive sampling with ILs (PASSIL applied as receiving phases) was continued and developed using phosphonium-, imidazolium-, and morpholinium-cation-based ILs. The target group of analytes was pharmaceuticals which represent one of the most common categories of water contaminants. Fourteen-day-long extractions using various ILs were performed in stirred conditions at a constant temperature (20 °C). The best extraction efficiency was achieved for trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium dicyanamide ([P666-14][N(CN)2]). For this preliminary calibration, the sampling rates were calculated for each sulfonamide. Once again, selectivity was observed in passive sampling using [P666-14][N(CN)2]. Therefore, PASSIL is seen as a very promising method for pharmaceutical monitoring in water.
Highlights
The monitoring of pharmaceuticals is one of the fastest developing issues in current analytical chemistry in the field of environmental research
The highest recovery of ionic liquids was achieved by phosphonium-cation-based Ionic liquids (ILs) and PES membranes (Fig. 3)
Among all the examined ionic liquids, trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium dicyanamide [P666-14][N(CN)2] was characterized as having the third best recovery, it allowed for the best efficiency of the extraction of sulfonamides
Summary
The monitoring of pharmaceuticals is one of the fastest developing issues in current analytical chemistry in the field of environmental research. Pharmaceuticals are considered to be emerging pollutants due to their increasing consumption (considering expenditure and the volume or quantity of medicines consumed) [1], low removal efficiency in wastewater treatment plants [2], and negative impact on the life of water organisms [3]. For these reasons, data among various water contaminants should be gathered for the monitoring of pharmaceuticals, according to the EU [4]. Sulfonamides, like other pharmaceuticals, are monitored in water environments using various methods, like grab sampling [10,11,12,13], solid-phase extraction [14], the radioimmunoassay technique [15], micro-solid-phase extraction [16], or passive sampling (e.g., the polar organic chemical integrative sampler—POCIS technique) [17,18,19]
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