Abstract
This review addresses research and development on the use of ionic liquids as extractants and diluents in the solvent extraction of metals. Primary attention is given to the efficiency and selectivity of metal extraction from industrial wastewater with ionic liquids composed of various cations and anions. The review covers literature sources published in the period of 2010–2021. The bibliography includes 98 references dedicated to research on the extraction and separation of lanthanides (17 sources), actinides (5 sources), heavy metals (35 sources), noble metals, including the platinum group (16 sources), and some other metals.
Highlights
When the ionic liquid was used at a concentration greater than 0.6 mol L−1, the lithium extraction efficiency was more than 90%
An undiluted ionic liquid based on the imidazolium cation and diethyl phosphate anion, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium diethyl phosphate [EMIM]-DEP, was proposed for the extraction of vanadium(V) from diluted oil sands [65]
Ionic liquids can be used as extractants, diluents, or both, depending on the process conditions and particular metal ions to be separated
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. ILs are being used more and more often in solvent extraction processes related to metal recovery [8,9,10,11,12]. ILs serve as selective extractants for heavy, rare earth, alkali, noble, and radioactive metals. It was demonstrated [13] that ionic liquids increase the efficiency and selectivity of metal extraction by several orders of magnitude. With the appropriate selection of extraction systems and the chemical nature of ILs, it is possible to attain the isolation and separation of virtually all metals of the periodic table from Li(I) to.
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