Ionic liquid ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of the aqueous phase for preconcentration of heavy metals ions prior to determination by LC-UV

Abstract

Ionic liquid ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on solidification of the aqueous phase was used for preconcentration of Ni2+, Co2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Pb2+ in natural water samples prior to liquid chromatography with UV detection. In the proposed method, the ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate was used as a complexing agent and the phosphonium ionic liquid trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bis[(2,4,4-trimethyl)pentyl]phosphinate (Cyphos IL 104) was used as an extractant. Ultrasound energy was used to disperse the extractant in the aqueous phase. After microextraction, the ionic liquid and aqueous phases were separated by centrifugation. Then the aqueous phase was frozen and the lighter than water ionic liquid phase containing metal ions complexes with pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate was separated and dissolved in a small volume of methanol prior to injection into the liquid chromatograph. Several parameters including the volume of extractant, the pH of the sample, the concentration of complexing agent, the time of ultrasound energy treatment, the time and speed of centrifugation and the effect of ionic strength were optimized. Under the optimized conditions (10 µL of Cyphos IL 104, pH = 5, 0.3% w/v ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate, 60 s of ultrasound use, 5 min/5000 rpm (2516×g) of centrifugation, 2.0 mg of NaCl), preconcentration factors were 211, 210, 209, 207 and 211 for Ni2+, Co2+, Cd2+, Cu2+ and Pb2+ respectively. Linearity was observed in the ranges 0.2–75.0 µg L−1 for Pb2+, Cd2+, Co2+ and 0.5–100.0 µg L−1 for Cu2+, Ni2+. The limits of detection were 0.03 µg L−1 for Ni2+, 0.03 µg L−1 for Co2+, 0.03 µg L−1 for Cd2+, 0.02 µg L−1 for Cu2+, 0.02 µg L−1 for Pb2+, respectively.The accuracy of this method was evaluated by preconcentration and determination of Ni2+, Co2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Pb2+ in certified reference materials (TMRAIN-04 and NIST 1643e) with the recovery values in the range of 97–102%. The presented method has been successfully applied for the determination of analytes in natural water samples (river and lake waters).