Abstract
Although activated carbon shows a higher maximum capacitance than that of graphene nanosheets (GNSs) in a conventional organic electrolyte, the latter material, characterized by high conductivity and a unique planar structure, is more suitable for use in an ionic liquid (IL) electrolyte for supercapacitors. IL electrolytes consisting of various cations (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (EMI+) and N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium (BMP+)) and anions (bis(trifluoromethylsulfony) imide (TFSI−), tetrafluoroborate (BF4−), and dicyanamide (DCA−)) are systematically studied. Among them, BMP-DCA IL is found to be the superior electrolyte, in which the GNS electrode exhibits a capacitance of 235Fg−1 and a satisfactory rate capability within a potential range of 3.3V at 25°C. This electrolyte is even more promising for elevated-temperature applications. At 60°C, a symmetric-electrode GNS supercapacitor with BMP-DCA IL is able to deliver maximum energy and power densities of 103Whkg−1 and 43.3kWkg−1 (based on the active material on both electrodes), respectively, which are much higher than 19Whkg−1 and 17.6kWkg−1 for a control cell with a conventional organic electrolyte.
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