Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Ganoderic acid A and D are the main bioactive components with anticancer effects in G. lucidum. To obtain the maximum content of two compounds from G. lucidum, a novel extraction method, an ionic liquid-based ultrasonic-assisted method (ILUAE) was established. Ionic liquids (ILs) of different types and parameters, including the concentration of ILs, ultrasonic power, ultrasonic time, rotational speed, solid–liquid ratio, were optimized by the orthogonal experiment and variance analysis. Under these optimal conditions, the total extraction yield of the two compounds in G. lucidum was 3.31 mg/g, which is 36.21% higher than that of the traditional solvent extraction method. Subsequently, an artificial neural network (ANN) was developed to model the performance of the total extraction yield. The Levenberg–Marquardt back propagation algorithm with the sigmoid transfer function (logsig) at the hidden layer and a linear transfer function (purelin) at the output layer were used. Results showed that single hidden layer with 9 neurons presented the best values for the mean squared error (MSE) and the correlation coefficient (R), with respectively corresponding values of 0.09622 and 0.93332.
Highlights
As a kind of macro fungi, mushrooms have been cultivated and consumed by humans because of its attractive sensory characteristics rich nutritional components, multiple functional activities, and controllable cultivation conditions [1]
The estimate of error cannot be calculated by intuitionistic analysis, which cannot accurately reflect the experimental error or a substantial change between the levels [45]
A3 B3 C2 D2 E3 was identified as the extraction process as follows: the optimal Ionic liquids (ILs) concentration, 1.4 M; ultrasonic extraction power, 400 W; ultrasonic extraction time, 20 min; rotational speed, 4000 r/min; solid–liquid ratio, 1:33.3 g/mL
Summary
As a kind of macro fungi, mushrooms have been cultivated and consumed by humans because of its attractive sensory characteristics rich nutritional components, multiple functional activities, and controllable cultivation conditions [1]. The medicinal mushrooms mainly include Ganoderma lucidum, Cordyceps sinensis, and Poria Cocos. The dry fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis: Fr.) P. Karst has been used for over 1000 years [2,3] as Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), which is a widely used as a dietary supplement and medicinal herb in China and other eastern countries [4]. It is one of the most highly used medicinal fungi around the world [4].
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