Abstract
A membrane of high ion selectivity, high stability, and low cost is desirable for vanadium redox flow battery (VRB). In this study, a composite membrane is formed by blending the sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) with lignin (SPEEK/lignin), and optimized by tailoring the degree of sulfonation. The incorporation of lignin into the SPEEK matrix provides more proton transport pathway and meanwhile adjusts the water channel to repulse vanadium ions. The VRB cells assembled with the composite membranes exhibit high coulombic efficiency (~99.27%) and impressive energy efficiency (~82.75%). The cells maintain a discharge capacity of ~95% after 100 cycles and ~85% after 200 cycles at 120 mA cm−2, much higher than the commercial Nafion 212. The SPEEK/lignin composite membranes are promising for application in VRB system.
Highlights
The vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) has attracted tremendous interest as a large-scale energy storage technique, for environment protection and sustainable development, in light of its long cycle life, fast response, flexible design, and great reliability via a cost-effective and eco-friendly means (Zhang et al, 2014a; Jia et al, 2015b; Yang et al, 2015; Ye et al, 2016; Lu et al, 2017; Wu et al, 2018, 2019)
The peaks at 2,938 and 2,849 cm−1 are assigned to the C-H stretch in methyl and methylene group (-CH2-), and those at 1,594 and 1,511 cm−1 are attributed to the aromatic rings of phenyl propane skeleton
All of the composite membranes exhibit the characteristic peaks of lignin, indicating the incorporation of lignin into the SPEEK matrix
Summary
The vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) has attracted tremendous interest as a large-scale energy storage technique, for environment protection and sustainable development, in light of its long cycle life, fast response, flexible design, and great reliability via a cost-effective and eco-friendly means (Zhang et al, 2014a; Jia et al, 2015b; Yang et al, 2015; Ye et al, 2016; Lu et al, 2017; Wu et al, 2018, 2019). The lignin is introduced into the SPEEK matrix, which can enhance the proton conductivity while inhibit the vanadium ions permeation.
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